PPCS disturbances include physical (headache, dizziness, fatigue, balance problems, sleep disturbance), cognitive (memory and attention problems), and emotional (depression, anxiety, irritability) challenges that persist beyond 7 to 10 days after the concussion, affecting approximately 10 to 15%% of concussed athletes [3].
Demographics, medical history, physical exam, headache features, and headache treatment history were recorded at the baseline visit (week 0).
Included symptoms can be affective, like paranoia and depression; cognitive, like confusion, memory loss, perceptual distortions, hallucinations; or even physical, like headaches and insomnia.
This is followed by mental and physical exhaustion, headaches, irritability, reduced concentration, hunger, decreased energy, anhedonia, and a craving for more MA[ 3, 11].
In this population study of children between 7 and 16 years of age, perceived loneliness appears to be of special importance in relation to internalizing and somatic symptoms, and for girls, perceived loneliness may be particularly important in relation to emotional distress (sadness and anxiety) and physical complaints (headache).
Sadness may be a key emotion for both depression [ 6, 51, 52] and loneliness [ 48], but the link of loneliness to the physical complaints, headache and stomach pain, may not be easily explained, unless these complaints represent somatic expressions of underlying emotional distress [ 5, 7, 53].
An MTP consisting of repeated appointments with a headache specialist, physical therapists, psychologists and headache nurses for patients with migraine, TTH, cluster headache, MOH and posttraumatic headache was analyzed prospectively by Zeeberg et al. [15] in Denmark.
To investigate the frequency and the type of musculoskeletal findings in patients with migraine we recently published a Delphi survey reporting headache assessment tests (HATs) that reached international consensus amongst international experts in physical therapy and headaches, as the most useful for the evaluation of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in patients with headaches [9].
The current study found that pain interference and depression were longitudinally associated to the emotional burden of headache whereas the emotional headache burden, pain interference, and headache duration were longitudinally associated to the physical burden of headache in individuals with CTTH.
Third, the total direct effect from the baseline emotional burden of headache (HDI-E) on the physical burden of headache (HDI-P) at one-year was significant (B = 0.47, P < .001).001
However common physical symptoms include headaches, tiredness, sleeping problems, and feeling irritable, isolated or losing interest in life.
