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The aim of this review was to summarize overall physical activity trends based on objectively measured physical activity as well as trends in specific contexts (active transport, organized sport, school physical education and school play periods) using self- or proxy-reported physical activity.
Further research that identifies modifiable correlates of physical activity trends in older adults is warranted.
Where serial surveys using the same methodology were available, data prior to 2000 was included to establish physical activity trends.
The influence of changes in food consumption and physical activity trends on obesity and diabetes risk has been exacerbated by accompanying environmental changes.
These complexities mean that other approaches which have been used to examine physical activity trends over time, such as multilevel modeling (28), would not have been appropriate.
Studies of physical activity trends have chiefly focused on the 'younger old': relatively few sampling frames have included the 'old-old', i.e., those over 85 years.
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We calculated the PRs and their 95% CIs for the physical activity trend within each period, treating time as a continuous variable.
Several European countries have published physical activity trend data, which fits into the box 'Health-related behaviour' of the Ogilvie model.
Nonetheless, with rapid urbanisation, changing diets, decreasing physical activity, the trend towards delayed marriage and older maternal age as well as the growing epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of GDM may very well be on the rise (33).
Junk food consumption and sedentary life-style showed strong increasing trends with urbanisation, while physical activity showed decreasing trends.
However, analysis of doubly labelled water-assessed physical activity level for trends over time showed that activity energy expenditure did not decline over the same period that obesity rates increased, and daily energy expenditure of modern man is in line with energy expenditure in wild mammals (Westerterp and Speakman 2008).
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