The word "physalus" comes from the Greek word physa, meaning "blows", referring to the prominent blow of the species (as described by Martens [1675, p. 132]: "They know the finn-fish by the... vehement blowing and spouting up of the water... ......).
Using two different primer pairs, Runx expression was detected in the tentacles and head/pharyngeal region but not the body column or physa.
For example, Iannacone and Alvariño (2002) undertook an ecotoxicological evaluation of three commercial detergents against different species of mollusks and reported LC50 values of 201.07 ppm (Melanoides tuberculata), 82.93 ppm (Physa venustula) and 71.41 ppm (Heleobia cumingii) at 48 h.
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of γ-alumina, α-alumina, modified TiO2 (M-TiO2), and commercial TiO2 (C-TiO2) ENPs on the survival, behaviour, and early life stages of the freshwater snail Physa acuta (Draparnaud).
Fluoxetine has been tested in a two-species water sediment system, which allowed a two-generation study with Chironomus riparius and a partial life-cycle with the freshwater snail Physa acuta to be performed at the same time.
The experiment employed a full factorial design with two pesticide treatments, two predator cue treatments and two (non-corixid) community treatments (absence versus presence of Cloeon dipterum mayfly larvae, Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae and Physa acuta snails).
In order to address the process feasibility under realistic exposure scenarios, thirteen outdoor freshwater mesocosms (unit volume: 3 m3) were designed, each containing phytoplankton (including local blue-green algae species) and various non-target organisms from higher trophic levels (Physa, Lymnaea, Gammarus, and Scardinius erythrophthalmus).
Here I present the results of a laboratory experiment where I manipulated the physiological state of pond snails (Physa gyrina), the abundance of algal resources, and predation cues (Belostoma flumineum waterbugs consuming snails) in a full factorial design to assess their direct effects on snail behavior and indirect effects on algal biomass.
Native freshwater snails such as Physa cubensis have been adversely affected by introduced species.
Other mollusks found in the vicinity include Physa mexicana, Lymnaea modicella, and Pisidium casertanum.
No sexual isolation was demonstrated in pairings among Physa carolinae and Physa acuta (either Charleston or Philadelphia), all copulations involving those three comparisons appearing indiscriminate.
