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Sperber and Stedman Jones both show that if you read Marx in that context, as a man engaged in endless internecine political and philosophical warfare, then the import of some familiar passages in his writings can shrink a little.
"I wouldn't call it petty infighting, I'd call it philosophical warfare," said Michael Ludwig, an aquatic resources specialist who worked on Sound issues for three decades for the National Marine Fisheries Service before going into private consulting last year.
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In a single semester at New Paltz, the academic community was treated to Gordon Gallup's work on the evolutionary psychology of physical attractiveness (see Gallup and Frederick 2010), Warren Allmon's work on Darwin's influence on modern geology and biology (see Schneiderman and Allmon 2009), and David Livingstone Smith's (2009) philosophical take on warfare as it relates to human nature.
Words too often are delivered with contempt; philosophical differences are likened to warfare; those who simply disagree with another are deemed "enemies". Often it is on the Internet — which was launched as a forum for unity — where people attack one another, under the cloak of anonymity.
But the reason for the emergence of the theory at this point in time is clear: it is the philosophical companion to America's staggering technological superiority in warfare.
Four years later, the same George Bush damaged himself badly with a pallid speech that left him looking like a helpless bystander as Pat Buchanan hijacked the party's philosophical bank account with his scary rant about cultural warfare.
Like Obama, Schumer and so many others, today's defenders of class warfare don't feel they need to provide a moral, philosophical or economic justification for it.
But as technology makes warfare more leisurely it has, for the first time, the chance to be genuinely — and complexly — philosophical.
Class warfare?
Philosophical Phil.
Cyber warfare?
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com