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Appropriately designed theoretical and philosophical tests of ideographic discovery operations may be scientifically valid.
Philosophical tests aim to show that an operation is inconsistent with logical and epistemological principles.
In practice, theoretical and philosophical tests are often combined to test competing discovery operations as rigorously as possible.
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Ms. Grey, whose career in pornography has been distinguished both by the extremity of what she is willing to do and an unusual degree of intellectual seriousness about doing it, is not so much acting here as posing a series of philosophical problems, testing the conceptual and experiential boundaries between degradation and empowerment, predator and prey, person and commodity.
A central feature of contemporary philosophy is the use of intuitive judgements about test cases to test philosophical theories.
But, to put it in a more "philosophical" phrasing, these tests evoke the Sherlock Holmes logic of inquiry: ""Eliminate the impossible, and whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth".
An initial motivation behind Stotz and Griffith's project was to test philosophical accounts of the gene concept.
Using the well-known bandwidth formula and the half power bandwidth formula [R.E.D. Bishop, G.M.L. Gladwell, An investigation into the theory of resonance testing, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 255 (1963) 241 280], in particular, is the simplest way to estimate modal damping for engineers.
In this spirit, Laudan has defended the project of testing philosophical models of scientific change by the history of science: such models, which are "often couched in normative language," can be recast "into declarative statements about how science does behave" (Laudan et al. 1986; Donovan et al. 1988).
But more to the point, the conservative indictment fails a basic test of philosophical consistency.
Plato's dramatic dialogues engage their readers by portraying characters in conversation, asking questions and testing out philosophical positions rather than insisting dogmatically on particular theories.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com