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The conclusion of the argument is a statement describing the phenomenon to be explained.
First, explanations should give grounds for expecting the phenomenon to be explained, so that one no longer wonders why it came about but sees that it should have been anticipated; second, explanations should do this by making apparent how the phenomenon exemplifies the laws of nature.
Conforming to his main proposal that explanation consists in using the laws of nature to demonstrate that the phenomenon to be explained was to be expected, he insisted that every genuine explanation must appeal to some law (completely general or statistical) and that the premises must support the conclusion (either deductively or by conferring high probability).
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget took the intellectual functioning of adults as the central phenomenon to be explained and wanted to know how an adult acquired the ability to think logically and to draw valid conclusions about the world from evidence.
The phenomenon to be explained is a macro-object.
Yet by holding that memory is in part constituted by a belief, does Reid not also assume the very phenomenon to be explained?
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The above sorts of questions, which are receiving growing attention in the sciences, all pertain to morality understood as a set of empirical phenomena to be explained: it is an empirical fact about human beings that we make moral judgments, have certain feelings and behave in certain ways, and it is natural for the sciences to seek causal explanations for such phenomena.
But the phenomena to be explained also decompose into a number of different clusters.
Functional analyses also reveal the specifications required of morphogenesis, hence defining developmental phenomena to be explained.
However, this fact about beliefs is only explained by the model if the model is less obscure than the phenomena to be explained by it.
Other approaches using 'cognitivist' resources are also being pursued.[17] Many of these projects draw upon 'cognitivist' characterizations of the phenomena to be explained.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com