Gene Ontology [ 29] defines three sets of terms for representing three different and independent aspects of the complex phenomena of protein function ("molecular function", "biological process", and "cellular compartment").
Bistability is key for understanding basic phenomena of cellular functioning, such as decision-making processes in cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, and apoptosis [ 1].
These expansions lead to protein aggregation and dysfunction/toxicity, which are variably related to gain- or loss-of-function phenomena, causing severe developmental or neurodegenerative diseases (2, 3).
The same statistical approach could be applied on spectral measurements such as the modulation of power or phase locking phenomena as function of cortical areas and sleep stages.
A recent study illustrates how nature uses this phenomenon as a gain-of-function change.
As expected, the chimeric constructs FcγRIIB-TM-TfR showed a loss-of-function phenomenon (Xu et al., 2014).
At first glance, this appears to be an age-dependent loss-of-function phenomenon in species with long life span.
Moreover, the fluctuation phenomenon of cost function becomes furthermore distinctive when noise increases.
Single heterozygous mutations of TP53 are associated with gain-of-function (GOF) phenomena and, especially, the dominant-negative effect (DNE) [ 1, 2].
The extra dimension of biology seeks explanations of biological phenomena in terms of function and evolutionary history, which together are known as "ultimate" causes.
RNA may be the most ancient form of biological phenomena, with functions stretching from templating DNA [1] to enzymatic self-regulation [2].
