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Another approach was suggested by Van Raden et al. [ 16], which partitions the chromosome into segments and phases marker loci for which an individual is heterozygous using information from homozygous loci.
Because of differences in LD and linkage phases, marker effects estimated in one breeding population cannot easily be transferred to another, and this at least partly explains the low accuracies observed within breeding populations using marker effects estimated in the other breeding populations (V4 and V5).
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The QC procedures were applied to the genotyped data using PLINK [ 13] in two phases: marker- and sample-based.
Therefore, we used CO as a vapour phase marker and characterised dilution concentrations within this set-up.
In this study, a flexible phase-shifting method, which does not need the additional absolute phase marker map, was developed.
Passage of digesta was measured by fecal marker excretion using Co-EDTA and Dysprosium (Dy) labeled grass as fluid phase maker or solid phase marker, respectively.
In addition, we have used carbon monoxide as a vapour phase marker of whole smoke and finally, produced repeatable biological dose-responses using two independent in vitro systems.
A low capacity anion-exchange column was used with potassium phthalate as the mobile phase marker and indirect detection at 280 nm.
A liquid phase marker (Co-EDTA) was administered as a bolus dose into the rumen at the time of administration of the methionine hydroxy analogs.
A newly designed absolute phase marker was embedded into one of the phase fringe images, and this was retrieved according to its mathematical model; then, the primary phase inside and outside the absolute phase marker region was computed with different methods.
An additional absolute phase marker map is necessary to acquire the absolute phase with traditional phase-shifting algorithm, which not only has a low efficiency but also may not meet certain special requirements of the practical application.
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