The pons, the retrotrapezoid nucleus and glycine mediated inhibition are all essential for expression of the 3-phase rhythm.
The 2-phase rhythm depends on inhibitory interactions (reciprocal) between Bötzinger and pre-Bötzinger complexes, whereas the 1-phase-pattern is generated within the pre-Bötzinger complex and is reliant on the persistent sodium current.
The phenomenon of anode break excitation (whereby a neuron fires an action potential in response to termination of a hyperpolarising current) can underlie a natural anti-phase rhythm, and is best understood in terms of the phase plane shown in Fig. 2.
The intact ponto-medullary complex produces a three-phase rhythm, consisting of inspiration, post-inspiration and expiration.
After elimination of the pons the PreBötC and the BötC of the medullary complex produce a two-phase rhythm, consisting from inspiration and expiration.
After elimination of BötC the remaining PreBötC (proposed to be a "kernel" of respiratory rhythmogenesis), together with the rostral Ventral Respiratory Column (rVRC) produces one-phase rhythm of rarer solitary inspirations, influenced by hypercapnia [ 60], resembling gasping respiration.
The pair stick fast to Reich's phasing rhythms, blurring into their frequencies.
We cannot rule out that there might still be some PDF rhythm after Shaw over-expression, and possibly still residual, but improperly phased rhythms in flies with reduced Shaw.
LL-induced split rhythms at the behavioral level correspond to anti-phase rhythms between the left and right SCN [ 13– 16], as well as anti-phase rhythms between the shell and core within each SCN lobe [ 13, 16].
Circadian-regulated transcription factors should confer the complete array of phased rhythms of transcript accumulation that is observed [ 8, 10].
Here we have demonstrated that S-phase rhythms are also observed in larvae that have been exposed to a temperature cycle and then transferred to constant temperature.
