The lowest flow rate, produced NCs of the largest mean diameter and of β-Sn phase; increasing the flow rate resulted in NCs with progressively smaller diameters (2 3 nm) and mixed α-/β-Sn phases.
Deposits were observed to be amorphous single phased in a large range of copper content, the hardness and Young's modulus of the amorphous phase increasing with the latter.
A key aspect of the innovation is the use of nitrogen gas pressure to enhance propylene availability in the liquid phase increasing its conversion from ∼80% (without N2) to complete (with ∼20barN2) in a few hours.
After calcination, silicates – which are non-volatile anions – contribute to the final structure of the catalysts, which form a new forsterite-like phase, increasing their specific surface area but not altering the reducibility of the nickel species.
Reduction of lead loss in PZT coupled with the use of a new bottom electrode stack layer of Pt/TiN/Ti resulted in an eight-fold increase in the perovskite (1 1 1) phase, increasing the remanent polarization to 95.7 μC/cm2 and coercive field to 56.7 kV/cm.
Based on the analysis of electric field of the hybrid structures, it implies that due to the enhanced localized electric field and the Fabry-Perot resonance cause the phase increasing quadratically with the improvement of the graphene Fermi energy (EF) in hybrid metal-graphene structures.
