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Two rivaling European systems, PAL (phase alternation line) and SECAM (système électronique couleur avec mémoire), are modifications of the NTSC system that have special application to European conditions.
The various flavours of their "PAL" (Phase Alternation by Line or, jingoistically, Perfection At Last) system use 625 horizontal lines, of which 576 are visible.
In Europe, two different systems came into prominence over the following decade: in Germany Walter Bruch developed the PAL (phase alternation line) system, and in France Henri de France developed SECAM (système électronique couleur avec mémoire).
PAL (phase alternation line) resembles NTSC in that the chrominance signal is simultaneously modulated in amplitude to carry the saturation (pastel-versus-vivid) aspect of the colours and modulated in phase to carry the hue aspect.
Also, a phase alternation scheme is employed to mitigate artifacts caused by mixture of the even and odd-echo coherence pathways due to defects in the refocusing pulse.
We show how the concept of phase alternation can be incorporated in the design of homonuclear recoupling experiments that are both insensitive to chemical shift dispersion and rf-inhomogeneity.
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The 90° pulse-lengths for 1H and 13C were 2.1 and 5 μs, respectively, and the SPINAL-64 (small phase incremental alternation with 64 steps) decoupling scheme59 was employed with an rf field strength of 90 kHz.
Small phase incremental alternation with 64 steps (SPINAL64)H heteronuclear decoupling was applied during the acquisition.
There are two important schedules to include randomization into the design of single-case experiments: phase designs and alternation designs.
The tracheophytes' development of large plant bodies was made possible by vascular parts that carry water and food inside those plants and by a dominant sporophyte stage (the nonsexual phase in the alternation of generations in the life cycle of certain plants and algae) with a microscopic-sized gametophyte (the sexual phase in the alternation of generations).
This fascinating example of phase transition during the alternation of generations in plants is called androgenesis (Raghavan 1986).
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