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CO2 addition was controlled with a feedback system that included a combination of a pH electrode connected to a controller (V control pH controller, Tropical Marine Centre, Bristol, UK) and a pressure regulator with an integrated solenoid valve (V pressure regulator pro, Tropical Marine Centre, UK).
In this study, an adaptive pH controller is proposed to control the pH process efficiently.
To reduce the generation of large quantities of metal oxides in cathode, a pH controller is used to control the pH of the electrolyte waste solution between 0.5 and 1 for the formation of UO2+.
Experimental pH was controlled via a mixed CO2 supply where a pH controller (Parker, Castle Hill, Australia) regulated the amount of CO2 gas supplied into the airline.
Ascorbic acid and aqueous NaOH were also used as an antioxidant and pH controller, respectively.
Fermentation was performed in a stirred 7.5 L bioreactor (Bioflo 110, New Brunswick Scientific, USA) equipped with dissolved oxygen (DO) analyzer and a pH controller.
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The present work reports a novel genetic algorithm (GA) based strategy for designing efficient 'global' pH controllers in highly nonlinear neutralisation reactors, wherein linear internal model control (IMC) methodology and generic nonlinear compensators defined from acid base principles are applied.
The quantity of low pH water pumped to the header tanks was controlled via a Proportional Integrative Derivative feedback loop from industrial pH controllers (ATI Q 45P, Analytical Technology Inc. USA).
Two pH controllers (Tunze), set at pH 7.6 and pH 7.8, were attached to two header tanks (60 L).
The bioreactor was equipped with two Rushton turbines and with agitation, aeration, temperature and pH controllers.
This process can be automated via pH controllers, which initiate a CO2 gas sparge when the pH values in the culture medium reach undesirably high levels and discontinue the addition of CO2 once the pH has been lowered sufficiently.
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