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Bitumen is an immobile, degraded remnant of ancient petroleum; it is present in oil sands and does not flow into a well bore.
While that is a lot of petroleum, it is relatively small for the billions of dollars in further investments that would be required to produce it.
Right now the United States produces less than half the petroleum it consumes, making us highly vulnerable to disruptions in world oil markets.
Natural sources of ethylene include both natural gas and petroleum; it is also a naturally occurring hormone in plants, in which it inhibits growth and promotes leaf fall, and in fruits, in which it promotes ripening.
In addition to traditional diesel fuel refined from petroleum, it is possible to produce so-called synthetic diesel, or Fischer-Tropsch diesel, from natural gas, from synthesis gas derived from coal (see coal utilization), or from biogas obtained from biomass.
A chunk of America's natural gas production in the Gulf of Mexico is still out of action and, unlike oil or even petroleum, it is hard to make up for a shortfall with imports.
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It may be cleaner than coal and petroleum, but it still adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when it is burned.
On Friday, Fluor announced that it received notification from Kuwait Petroleum that it should stop work on parts of the al-Zour refinery.
The alkaline solutions it forms when dissolved in water neutralize acids in various commercial processes: in petroleum refining, it removes sulfuric and organic acids; in soapmaking, it reacts with fatty acids.
America's security as a superpower is ostensibly protected by military might, but it is far more dependent on petroleum than it is on the battle readiness of our nuclear arsenal.
The suggested process is environmentally beneficial because it can extend the feedstock rather than petroleum, and it replaces the use of the industrial-plant gas wastes.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com