It is thus unclear whether the positive association between levels of Bt resistance and fitness costs, which was detected among pests and within the H. armigera strain, resulted from variation in resistance frequency or in costs associated with different resistance alleles.
The large number of pest species within the Aphididae is no doubt aided by the aphid's complex life history and biology [11], [15].
Some members of the "major-pest lineage" within the subfamily Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [ 11], prefer glandless cotton varieties over glanded ones [ 12].
For sustainable yields and to conserve high densities of both pollinators and predators of pests within pigeonpea landscapes, it is crucial to target the adoption of less disruptive farm management practices such as reducing pesticide and fertilizer inputs.
From these data, we calculated the fractions of species of each genus that were pests at either level (i.e., number of pests within study region/total number of naturalized alien species in the genus within study region).
It is vital that the producer has a diversity of sugarcane varieties in the field, in order to decrease the likelihood of damage due to proliferation of pests and diseases within the plantation [ 56].
We investigated the ecology of introduced ship rats (Rattus rattus) on a nearshore island, and gene flow with adjacent mainland populations, in order to understand the metapopulation dynamics and relative levels of pest control required within the landscape.
This parasitoid attacks a stored product pest where hosts will be aggregated within storage facilities, which is very different from the situation of E. nassaui females searching for a forestry pest within large-scale plantations.
The magnitude and direction of ecological effects of Bt crops on non-target arthropods were all examined and interpreted as a sole pest management strategy and within the context of current pest management practices.
Among the most widespread and costly agricultural pests are the numerous weeds that have evolved from within the same complex of interfertile species as domesticated plants [ 1- 3].
