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Because such pests are often managed at the site scale, our understanding of how factors on broader spatial scales affect their numbers remains poor.
Host plants for many agricultural and forest pests are often patchily distributed, therefore population dynamics can be suitably described in terms of metapopulations.
In addition, garden pests are often exposed to chemical insecticides, which is unhealthy for your frog.
Tobacco pests are often different from those that trouble other plants, so be sure that the methods you take to preserve your tobacco plants do not interfere with your other crops.
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While refuges of non-Bt corn used to delay resistance in lepidopteran pests were often planted as far as 1 km from Bt corn fields, refuges for the new cultivars effective against rootworms and lepidopteran pests are planted in or adjacent to Bt corn fields in regions where the rootworms are important pests (US EPA 2008).
In ecological and biopolitical discourses about illegitimate animals, "vermin" and "pest" are often used interchangeably.
In addition to selection by insecticides, populations of invasive pest species are often affected by demographic events.
As such, pest species are often the target of costly programs that seek to either eradicate their existence from particular areas or regulate their numbers to levels at which ecosystem or economic sustainability is upheld (Howarth 1991; Courchamp et al. 2003; Stenseth et al. 2003; Bergstrom et al. 2009).
Tree-level mortality patterns can also be confounded by external actions: harvesting can create various novel combinations of basal area, size distributions and species composition (e.g. [14], [15]), and pests and pathogens are often highly species-specific (e.g. sudden oak death: [16], [17]).
Plant pests and pathogens are often able to attack a number of closely related species (Gilbert and Webb ).
Populations of insect pests inhabiting greenhouses are often characterized by higher insecticide resistance than those in the fields [ 58].
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