Compared to previous attempts at pest detection, our approach uses no pest-specific engineering which enables it to adapt to other species and environments with minimal human effort.
In the past half century, safer, pest-specific insecticides have been discovered and their use now implies lower amounts of active ingredient per area, while are less persistent in the environment compared with older insecticides.
EIQ relies on data which is commonly available on MSDS sheets, incorporates the application rate of a pesticide, and is not site or pest-specific, so it provides a less biased estimation than other pesticide ranking systems used to quantify environmental impact [15], [30].
In [5 10], the authors established a specific pest management model based on the actual problem and analyzed pest management issues by the corresponding mathematical theory.
Therefore, defining the TO for insect-resistant GM crops should clearly distinguish which lepidopteran pests are targeted in combination with the proven efficacy of the GMP for each specific pest.
There is plenty of resistance in the farming world to this system as it requires genetically modifying a plant by splicing a gene into it to produce a blocking molecule that would target a specific pest.
Hence, we did not explore the potential for substituting a candidate product that is only used for a specific pest and/or crop by an alternative product that is authorised for broad-spectrum use against a large group of pests and/or in multiple crops.
Agrobiodiversity is most likely to enhance agroecosystem functioning when assemblages of species are added whose presence results in unique or complementary effects on ecosystem functioning, e.g., by planting genotypes with genes for higher yield or pest resistance, mixing specific genotypes of crops, or including functional groups that increase nutrient inputs and cycling.
For nonoccupational exposure, Teitelbaum (2002) has suggested that asking about treatments for specific pest problems may be an effective way to help subject recall, a practice we implemented in designing our questionnaires.
