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Yet the world is not made only of economic and personal metadata.
But when people start adding personal metadata to it, this extra level of — we see that more online than in a traditional library setting.
The working document, marked secret, sheds new light on the extent to which intelligence agencies at that time were considering sharing information with foreign surveillance partners, and it provides further confirmation that, to some extent at least, there is warrantless surveillance of Australians' personal metadata.
Yes, there's the traditional metadata of saying, "Yes, this book is about Alexander Hamilton, and history, and World War II". But when people start adding personal metadata to it, this extra level of — we see that more online than in a traditional library setting.
"Through Upstream surveillance, the NSA has generalized access to the content of communications, as it indiscriminately copies and searches through vast quantities of personal metadata and content," she writes.
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Unlike e-mails written in different languages or with personal touches, metadata about who sent and received a message, when it was sent and from where, always looks the same.
Under the current laws, thousands of local, state and federal agencies can request access to Australians' personal data – or metadata – without a warrant.
Thanks to the ability to quantify and qualify personal data and metadata through the plethora of social networks, apps, and device usage among the masses, large companies are able to target customers and reach audiences on a more granular level than ever before, making big data a significant commodity in the commercial market.
The new Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act – Drip, for short – passed in July, allows the wide-ranging collection of personal data, in particular metadata, the report says.
There's a line in the very first guideline that I particularly like, in part because of my personal sideways interest in metadata.
Instagram may have only had 13 employees on the books, but really it has more than 100 million people who work for the company, providing immense amounts of personal information and location metadata.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com