The debate rages around the collection of personal data including speech by voice recognition systems and how they operate.
The cards will store personal data including a photograph and the passport details of the holder.
"They have to give all their personal data, including fingerprints, to immigration authorities.
Under GDPR, certain types of sensitive personal data, including sexuality, religion and political interests, are specially protected.
Combining AI and the internet of things so that devices can automatically share personal data, including financial and health data, raises further privacy and security concerns.
Thomas said the "comprehensive card index system" held "sensitive" personal data, including details of trade union activity, employment conduct and personal relationships.
The collective was behind attacks that stole sensitive personal data including emails, online passwords and credit card details belonging to millions of people.
A number of states have taken other steps to safeguard personal data, including California, where Governor Davis signed bills earlier this year intended to deter identity theft.
British security agencies have secretly and unlawfully collected massive volumes of confidential personal data, including financial information, on citizens for more than a decade, senior judges have ruled.
The personal data, including bank details, of millions of Carphone Warehouse customers may have been accessed in a "sophisticated cyber-attack", the retailer has admitted.
Instagram has confirmed it will let users download their personal data, including previously shared photos, videos and messages, as it prepares for the European data regulation GDPR.
