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Personal badge data represent an integrated average exposure to nicotine during the time period that the badge is worn, whereas urinary cotinine data are more reflective of recent peak exposures.
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On the basis of this sampling, a theoretical total exposure was calculated for each person who did not have a personal badge.
Cars became a personal badge of status, and in time carmaking became a badge of national virility.But since the 1950s the automobile has come to be seen as dangerous, dirty and noisy.
He enlisted household troops and built a wide network of "king's knights" in the counties, distributing to them his personal badge, the White Hart.
In this group, no workplace badge data was collected.
Personal badge nicotine levels, in contrast, were not associated with any health status variable.
One drawback of personal badge measurements is that participants did not always clearly state where the badge was worn, be it at home, work or both.
Addressing the second aim of the study, the personal badge results were compared with salivary nicotine and cotinine levels.
*Based on the distribution, urine cotinine and personal badge nicotine levels were divided into tertiles for statistical analysis.
The personal badge measurement was also greatly affected by the behaviour on that given day, e.g. whether the wearer went out to a place where smoking was allowed.
77 non-smoking respondents with a diagnosis of COPD completed direct SHS monitoring based on urine cotinine and a personal badge that measures nicotine.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com