The OR for the within-person deviation from the person-specific mean for self-rated health (self-rated health (d) in Model III of Table 2) corresponds with the possibility that decreasing health conditions may lead to a decrease in giving.
The same fit statistics are available to detect person deviation, as a few respondents significantly deviating from model expectation may cause significant misfit at the item level.
This differs from a 'normal' single-level regression model in that the person-specific coefficients (β0 j and β1 j ) can be split into an average effect (γ00 and γ10) and a person-specific deviation from this average effect (U0 j and U1 j ).
As explained in the analytical strategy, the four health-related variables are included as a between-person component, the person-specific mean (m), and a within-person component, the deviation from the person-specific mean (d).
Item residuals (a sum of item and individual person deviations) also permit the assessment of item fit, and values from -2.5 to +2.5 show adequate fit.
Although the use of random intercepts for individuals lends itself to a nice interpretation (where the random intercept for person represents the individual's deviation from the overall mean), the unstructured correlation assumption more closely described our data.
Second, both fixed and time-varying covariates and systematic person-specific deviations from the average time trend are allowed in this method.
In the hybrid approach each time-varying predictor variable is decomposed into a between-person component (included in the analyses as the person-specific mean, denoted with 'm') and a within-person component (included in the analyses as a deviation from the person-specific mean, with positive scores indicating a decline over time, denoted with 'd'd.
"Prodrome" or Clinical High Risk CHRrefersers to the early symptoms of an illness which alert us to the fact that a young person may be at a higher risk of developing a fully developed psychotic disorder, or a period of disturbance which represents a deviation from a person's previous experience and behaviors.
Any significant deviation from the default -- writing a female, gay person, or person of color as a protagonist -- invites questions as to why that deviation was made.
Error bars denote the standard deviation from three individual experiments.
