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Propensity scores deal with confounding in between person comparisons, whereas self controlled designs implicitly tackle time invariant confounding by making within person comparisons.
However, this is unlikely to bias analyses which are all within person comparisons.
It relies on within person comparisons in a population with both the outcome and exposure of interest.
Notable for patients with rare diseases, these approaches are immune to confounding by factors that do not change over time because of the within person comparisons.
This study reports the results from an in-person comparison of contingent valuation (CV) survey response and subsequent voting behaviour on comparable propositions to increase public spending for landscape protection.
The within-person comparison included more observations and covered a longer time period, and was therefore likely to have more statistical power than the between-region comparison.
Nevertheless, the primary aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of responses on two scales (the prototypes vs. standard scales), so representativeness does not diminish this within-person comparison.
Even so, we do not tend to attribute the observed differences in biomarker-pollutant associations between UFPs and PM2.5 to potential vertical differences in pollutant concentrations, as our study design was a within-person comparison and no within-person changes in elevations would be expected across the six visits.
We used the self-controlled case-series method which relies on intra-person comparisons in a population of exposed individuals who have had the outcome of interest.
In our study, within-person comparisons meant that confounding was largely addressed.
Within-person comparisons were undertaken using the self-controlled case-series method and data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (1987 2012).
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