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Viral infections that were cleared months or years earlier are not likely to account for the IFN signature in SS because the immune response returns to normal after viral clearance, and persistent viruses frequently "persist" because they do not induce strong IFN responses.
Persistent viruses tend to grow weaker over the years.
Understanding the factors that impede immune responses to persistent viruses is essential in designing therapies for HIV infection.
The use of viruses for gene delivery has two obvious drawbacks—namely, (1) most viruses cause disease and (2) many tissues where gene therapy is required are not known to harbor latent or persistent viruses.
Whereas the success of prophylactic vaccination is based on rapid antibody-mediated neutralization of an invading pathogen, control and elimination of persistent viruses such as hepatitis, herpes or papilloma viruses requires multi-specific and polyfunctional effector T cell responses.
Additionally the abundance of empirical data concerning non-random genetic change operators such as the variety of mobile genetic elements, persistent viruses and defectives do not fit with the dominant narrative of error replication events (mutations) as being the main driving forces creating genetic novelty and diversity.
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Greg later told me that he had a persistent virus that kept him at home, "under observation," when his father was writing the novel.
North Korea did not elaborate on what it called "intensive and persistent virus attacks" on its Internet servers.
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are crucial in establishing the control of persistent virus infections.
IFN-I blockade both prior to and following establishment of persistent virus infection was associated with virus clearance and was CD4 T cell dependent.
A major question for vaccine design is whether incorporating epitopes responsible for controlling a persistent virus will translate into protection from natural infection or serve solely as a fail-safe mechanism to prevent overt disease in infected individuals.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com