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Others confirm these results by demonstrating that loss of vaccine antigen expression in muscle cells became apparent approximately cotemporaneously with the initial detection of antigen-specific T cells to the same immunogen and that persistent vaccine antigen expression was associated with poor vaccine immunogenicity [36].
Exposure to an environmental species which naturally sensitises individuals to Ag85 makes a persistent vaccine effect more difficult to ascertain with increasing age.
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These data strongly support the role of the AS04 adjuvant, which includes the immunostimulant MPL, in triggering a persistent vaccine-induced immune response of high quality.
Immunodeficient persons with persistent vaccine-related poliovirus infection may serve as a potential reservoir for reintroduction of polioviruses after wild poliovirus eradication, posing a risk of their further circulation in inadequately immunized populations.
Immunodeficient persons with persistent vaccine-related poliovirus infection may serve as a potential reservoir for reintroduction of polioviruses into the general population after wild poliovirus eradication, posing a risk of their further circulation in inadequately immunized populations.
Our data provides a list of candidate genes that could be targeted for novel therapeutics or gene deletion to create a non-persistent vaccine strain (Tables 3 and 4).
We have studied immune activation levels and cytokine responses to a panel of persistent herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, HSV and VZV) and a non-persistent vaccine antigen (TT) in a cohort of patients with untreated chronic HIV-1 infection and compared them to responses in HIV-negative controls.
This reemergence was the consequence of persistent suboptimal vaccine coverage in toddlers and insufficient catch-up vaccination in older cohorts, leading to the growth of a large reservoir of susceptible persons.
However, challenge with SIVsmE543-3 induced persistent low vaccine VL in Mm0515, while the challenge virus remained undetectable.
Interestingly, ΔsecA2ΔlysA vaccinated mice also showed significantly lower lung bacillary loads than mice vaccinated with ΔsecA2 (0.35-log reduction in lungs of ΔsecA2ΔlysA versus ΔsecA2 vaccinated mice; P<0.05) (Figure 5A), an effect that may relate to the enhanced stability of memory cells in response to non-persistent live vaccines [14], [15], [16].
Current challenges to the final eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis include the continued transmission of wild polioviruses in endemic reservoirs, reinfection of polio-free areas, outbreaks due to circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, and persistent excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus by a few vaccinees with B-cell immunodeficiencies.
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