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"There are very few viruses that maintain a persistent replication in the face of an active immune response," Dr. Coffin said.
The persistence of HHV-8 infection is the result of a delicate balance between immune control, viral latency, viral reactivation and persistent replication.
HIV-1 is characterized by its extensive diversity both among and within infected individuals due to its extreme capacity to mutate, its persistent replication, and the important role of CD8+ lymphocyte responses in driving viral evolution [30], [31], [32].
The structure-specific endonuclease Mus81-Mms4, which resolves persistent replication intermediates prior to chromosome segregation, requires tight cell-cycle restriction to not jeopardize genomic integrity during S phase.
In contrast, depletion of the FANCJ/BRIP1 helicase causes persistent replication stalling at G-quadruplex structures, demonstrating a vital role for this helicase in resolving these structures.
Replication of the G4G23 and G4G5N plasmid templates in FANCJ-depleted extracts also resulted in persistent replication stalling (Supplementary Fig S7E).
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Therefore, investigations concerning the sources of persistent replication-competent HIV during HAART and strategies to purge these reservoirs remain the top priority in HIV treatment.
Corticosteroids likely influence inflammation associated with ADEM, but if ADEM is the result of a viral infection with persistent viral replication, steroids might be deleterious, allowing an increase in viral replication (8, 9).
Potential causes include 1) persistent HIV replication, at levels below those detectable using currently available commercial plasma HIV RNA assays, 2) persistent systemic replication of a co-infecting virus such as human herpes or hepatitis viruses, 3) persistent microbial translocation [7], and/or 4) persistent B and T cell dysregulation that is antigen-independent.
We also delivered the SaCas9 system into mice with persistent HBV replication using an AAV vector.
Scarification of individuals with atopic skin disease or immune deficiency, however, can lead to persistent viral replication and result in significant morbidity and mortality.
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