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Of the five single gene selections, SSIIa, Sub1, xa5, Xa21 and TPS, only selection for Xa21 showed large, persistent linkage drag.
Persistent linkage drags when selecting for BB genes have been reported in several backcross breeding programs, such as during the transfer of Xa4 + xa5 + Xa21 from indica 'IRBB57' into japonica 'Mangeumbyeo' (Suh et al. 2013), and pyramiding of the BB resistance genes Xa21 and xa13 and a semi-dwarfing gene (sd-1) from PR106-P2 inTypeype 3 Basmati (Rajpurohit et al. 2011).
The best strategy to pyramid or introduce multiple genes and recover a maximum recurrent parent background effect in the shortest time will be to take up the transfer of genes simultaneously, generate a large backcross population and select the target genes through foreground selection and flanking marker analysis to reduce the persistent linkage drag (Rajpurohit et al.2011 Ye,20100).2011 Ye,2010
The problem of persistent linkage drag when selecting for Xa21 may due to the fact that Xa21 was derived from IRBB21, which inherited the chromosomal region containing Xa21 from the wild species Oryza longistaminata through several cycles of backcrossing with indica rice (Song et al. 1995).
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Our findings suggest that persistent linkages between sister chromosomes are created at replication origins in the absence of prokaryotic condensin, especially during fast DNA replication.
A prerequisite for this mechanism is that host-parasite interactions generate persistent oscillations of linkage disequilibria (LD).
Many end users attributed the SCR's persistent "clunkiness" to poor linkage with the product's designers.
Secondary outcomes are food sensitisation (positive skin prick test), number of lower respiratory infections (through hospital linkage), moderately-severe and persistent eczema (by history and examination) and vitamin D deficiency (serum vitamin D <50 nmol/L) at age 12 months.
This persistent inflammatory response is reflected in the linkages between IL-6, ADMA and the severity of organ failure (Tables 6 and 7).
However, this impact and the accuracy of GEBVs due to linkage disequilibrium (LD), which is fairly persistent over generations, must be known to implement future breeding programs.
Whereas the perception of solid waste disposal as a driver of public health varied between higher- and lower-income neighborhoods, the linkage of malaria to sanitation inadequacy was a persistent theme.
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