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Perpetuation of the Lyme disease spirochete B. afzelii, therefore, would depend largely on persistent dissemination of these pathogens throughout the skin of the competent vertebrate hosts on which the vector ticks mainly feed.
The results indicate that β-lactams are still the primary drugs to treat the infection of swine S. suis serotype 2. The unique and predominant PFGE types within and between herds show persistent dissemination of S. suis 2 and a close linkage among isolates from healthy sows and diseased pigs.
The identical PFGE pattern (C3, D, G2, H1, or E3) was detected for the isolates from the same farm in different years (Table 5), and the persistent dissemination of S. suis serotype 2 clone within the herd of swine could be confirmed [ 26].
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In an attempt to prevent viral replication, dissemination or persistent infection of cells, many protective measures are actually involved in the induction of apoptosis that is the host response to curtail the reproductive cycle of the virus through premature lysis [ 14, 15].
There is a large and persistent failure to achieve widespread dissemination of evidence-based practices in child health care.
The dissemination of individual concentrations of select persistent environmental chemicals to women participating in a prospective pregnancy study did not introduce any known harm, at least none known to the research team.
28, 48– 53 Moreover, two mouse models of melioidosis have recently shown that oral infection results in persistent colonization of the stomach together with fecal shedding and dissemination to extraintestinal organs.
The metacyclics enter resident dermal macrophages and differentiate into replicative amastigotes for dissemination to other tissues, often inducing inflammatory responses and persistent infection.
While Nocardia is a well-described cause of persistent neutrophilic meningitis [ 1, 3], it generally occurs in immunocompromised patients following dissemination from a pulmonary focus.
In general, persistent infections result from a combination of host immune effectors that restrain the pathogen from growth and dissemination as well as from pathogen-driven counter-regulatory mechanisms that limit the effectiveness of the elicited host immune response.
This consists in limiting the dissemination of toxic metals by using metallicolous plants, i.e. metal tolerant plants, to establish a persistent plant cover and prevent pollution through erosion.
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