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Given that we assessed diabetes duration by patient history, however, we cannot exclude persistent confounding and non-differential misclassification as a possible explanation for this finding.
Persistent confounding by smoking may be possible given that we did not quantify the intensity of lifetime exposure (i.e. pack-years).
There still remains the possibility that their apparent protective effect on MetS reflects persistent confounding, such as selection bias, although this is minimised through the prospective study design and longer follow-up in our cohort.
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However, persistent spatial confounding between these exposures may limit the utility of epidemiologic methods to disentangle these effects and cannot identify physiologic mechanisms for potential differential susceptibilities.
Do circulating persistent clones confound this analysis?
Evie's own authorial deceptions are as persistent as they are confounding.
In the absence of confounding by persistent maternal factors, the two models will report the same effects of interpregnancy interval.
Reduction in FMD was persistent after adjusting for confounding by sex as well as in the "female-only" analysis (see Supplemental Material, Table S3).
Therefore, our study does not support the existence of a causal effect of short interpregnancy interval on adverse birth outcomes, and we propose that the associations between short intervals and adverse birth outcomes in other studies may be due to unmeasured confounding by persistent maternal factors.
One explanation is that the association between baseline wealth index and stunting for the older cohort is confounded by persistent poverty from birth, suggesting that poor living standards at ages seven and eight do not matter.
Effects of mold on wheeze and persistent cough, adjusting for potential confounding factors, were examined with Poisson regression analyses.
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