It is therefore apparent that several mechanisms led to GAS diversification and that the globally disseminated M1T1 clone has acquired several virulence factors that seem to have contributed to its unusual persistence, spread, and virulence.
Lower HEV shedding by pigs in Czech Republic might reflect different farming methods, such as animal housing and separation, herd size, slaughtering age, and/or environmental factors that possibly influence infectious HEV persistence, spread, and transmission.
In general, implications of shifting climate conditions on the persistence and spread of parasites have been examined in the absence of interactions with local landscape characteristics (e.g., forest fragmentation).
We investigated how the size and distribution of wild deer and feral pigs – species that might act as potential foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus maintenance hosts – might affect the persistence and spread of FMD.
"Antibiotics must be used judiciously in humans and animals because both uses contribute to the emergence, persistence, and spread of resistant bacteria".
"Antibiotics must be used judiciously in humans and animals because both uses contribute to not only the emergence, but also the persistence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria," the report says.
Hammond et al. [2] postulated a rapid, global dispersion of 'airborne aerosolized influenza virus' via the atmosphere, to account for the persistence and spread of the disease.
While the virus remains restricted in its ability to infect humans and undergo efficient human-to-human transmission [28], [47], its persistence and spread in poultry increases the risk of the emergence of a pandemic strain.
For example, many models assume that temperature alone sets range limits at both high and low extremes [29], that the realized niche is equivalent to the fundamental niche [30], and fail to account for biogeographic factors such as persistence and spread from isolated refugia [31].
In 2005, a number of new control measures were introduced to enhance HPAI prevention, persistence, and spread nationwide.
Under such conditions, fibroblasts harbouring ML could serve as an additional niche for bacterial survival, persistence and spread.
