In her research, Nielsen said she's found that laws such as New York's which require a victim be repeatedly followed in public, feel a "reasonable fear of physical injury," or that a perpetrator act with intent to "harass, annoy or alarm another person"—can be difficult to pursue.
None of these statutes requires that perpetrators act with the intent to harass their victims, and certainly none require that the perpetrator and victim be intimate partners.
It is for good reason that privacy laws, from trespass laws to confidentiality requirements to prohibitions against voyeurism, do not require that perpetrators be motivated by intent to harm or harass the victim.
These laws require that a perpetrator act with the "intent to harm or harass" the victim, with some even requiring that the perpetrator be a current or former intimate partner of the victim.
The subscales are: (1) intent to harm (perpetration), (2) feeling of hurt (victimisation), (3) overt aggression, (4) relational aggression, (5) repetition of behaviour, (6) imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the victim, and (7) covert behaviour.
Many perpetrators, she said, are not motivated by the intent to cause harm or emotional distress.
33 Furthermore, it has been recommended that the intent to harm another by the perpetrator and the report of harm by the victim are assessed at the same time.
Definitions of bullying typically include four (4) elements: aggression or hostility, repetition of the negative behavior, intent to harm, and a power imbalance between perpetrator and victim.
10 11 There are two common features of aggression: (1) an intent to harm the victim physically or psychologically by the perpetrator 23; and (2) the behaviour is perceived negatively as 'a feeling of hurt' by the victim (ref. 10, p.278).
Police are saying that whoever left the sandwiches must have been familiar with the company and its almost daily custom of bringing food to work for other coworkers, but that the small amount of rat poison indicated that the perpetrator was likely to be someone with a grudge rather than with an intent to kill.
