The spirochetes did not form a "false brusg border" with a palisade of upright cells perpendicular to the Caco-2 cell surface, but this may only reflect the lack of a thick mucus blanket over the Caco-2 cells which is likely to support this orientation in vivo.
Therefore, these vertically aligned quartz crystals are suggested as analogous to recrystallized microbial palisade fabric formed through silicification of microbial filaments oriented perpendicular to bedding surfaces on mid- to distal-apron hot spring terraces19 (Fig. 2e and Supplementary Fig. 9d).
The LEC is a solid cord of cells that extends either parallel or perpendicular from the peripheral aspect of the under surface of limbal palisade of Vogt, into the limbal stroma.
It arises from the undersurface of interpalisade rete ridges of the limbal palisades of Vogt and extends deeper into the limbal stroma parallel or perpendicular to the palisade.
The top layer, the palisade layer, consists of elongated parenchyma cells that are regularly arranged perpendicular to the leaf surface, and contains most of the absorbing pigments.
The ground tissue system, the mesophyll, is divided into two regions: the palisade parenchyma, located beneath the upper epidermis and composed of columnar cells oriented perpendicular to the leaf surface, and spongy parenchyma, located in the lower part of the leaf and composed of irregularly shaped cells.
Wallace Broecker, Geochemist, Palisades, N.Y.
Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center SEDACC).
Palisades, NY: Center for International Earth Systems Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University.
JULIET POPKIN Pacific Palisades, Calif.
