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In general, the fluid component of articular cartilage permits nutrient and waste product movement back and forth between chondrocytes and the surrounding nutrient-rich synovial fluid [ 11, 12].
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The physical structure, or microarchitecture, of an artificial matrix must provide appropriate physical signals, present or allow access to biochemical cues, and permit nutrient and waste exchange.
Additionally the artificial NGCs have to permit nutrient exchange while prohibiting extensive infiltration of scar tissue [ 6].
It therefore seems plausible that such a mechanism might be required in the mushroom body neurons to permit nutrient-dependent reinforcement.
Almost all cells within an organ are surrounded by a few hundred microns of a capillary to permit sufficient nutrient and oxygen supply.
Crop genotypes with root traits permitting increased nutrient acquisition would increase yields in low fertility soils but have uncertain effects on soil fertility in the long term because of competing effects on nutrient removal vs. the soil conserving effects of greater crop biomass.
These experiments suggest that hunger establishes an internal state that permits the nutrient-reinforcing signals to be effective.
We assume that volumetric flow of cerebrospinal or interstitial fluid through the water-permeable mesh permits the diffusional nutrient and oxygen supply for the enclosed cell-containing capsules.
Beads permitted an efficient nutrient transfer into the matrix and a 10%% yield was achieved in the second fermentation.
The cellophane prevents mycelium from penetrating into the media below, but also permits exchange of nutrients through it Eight fungal plugs placed at random in a uniform grid comprising two outer lines of three and an inner line of 2 were used in each treatment.
Erythrocyte MAPK pathways having been implicated in the regulation of transporters (Sartori et al., 1999), it may be that MEK1 participates in the activation of the 'novel permeation pathway' that permits import of nutrients into the iRBC.
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