Alan Williams, until recently chair of the AUT's Contract Research Staff Committee, suggests that it is "virtually routine for principal investigators to be merely fronts, permitting contract research staff to continue their research; Research Councils acknowledge this".
Well-placed people have made their fortunes this way ever since rulers had enough power to issue profitable licences, permits and contracts to their cronies.
The local "Mr Big", Roca ran Marbella from his private offices for more than a decade, paying town hall officials each time they voted to approve planning permits or contracts to provide municipal services.
They were allegedly paid for each vote where they approved planning permits or contracts to run municipal services, such as the coach station or the town's breakdown lorries.
It can take at least 18 months to settle land issues, arrange permits and contracts, and sign leases with tenants before a shovel is used, says Roberto Ferreira, who runs a property fund for Stanlib, an investment manager based in Johannesburg.Shoprite has more stores outside its home market than its peers, and the boldest plans to open more.
Homeowners seeking to create a legal ADU face another daunting challenge: the onerous, always complex process of designing, financing, dealing with zoning regulations, obtaining permits, negotiating contracts, effectuating utility hookups and finally building a free-standing, backyard ADU they can afford.
In 229B, our focus will be on the process of conducting archaeological research: how to frame research questions, define specific strategies for creating data appropriate to address those questions, and how to carry out the research in the field and laboratory, including writing a research proposal, negotiating permits and contracts, and defining and writing reports.
A major part of the company's early efforts have been in fighting for permits and contracts with city governments.
To name a few examples – when ex-mayor Kwame Kilpatrick's extensive corruption finally earned a jail sentence in 2013, some of the cases were about how he only steered permits and contracts to businesses that would agree to inside dealing.
The other two factors are insolation (the more sunshine, the less capital is needed for a given power output) and administrative ease of obtaining permits and contracts.
