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The protective ability of a coating system is very well monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy since it can measure changes as the protective coatings deteriorate, as they absorb water and as they permit the substrate to corrode.
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The reactor was divided into dark and photo chambers by a cellulose acetate membrane with a diameter of 6 cm (pore size 0.22 μm, thickness 100 μm, Shanghai, China), which permitted the substrate to pass freely through while excluding bacterial cells.
Consequently, BiP 'holds' the substrate, allowing it to attain its native conformation, and then permits the substrate to assemble with other subunits, as well as promotes accessibility to other chaperones such as the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members that generate and rearrange disulfide bonds that are properly paired.
The reactions were preheated at 37°C for 10 min so as to permit the annealing of the substrate to the ribozyme, and the ligation reactions started (time = 0) by adding 1 µL of 150 mM MgCl2.
Then the binding of a lead ion on the first strand causes the substrate to break.
The final section discusses the bioprocesses, the engineering systems that permit the biological systems to transform their substrates into the desired bioproducts.
As mentioned above, C-labeled metabolites/substrates permit the metabolic pathway to be elucidated and the metabolism of a substrate and its intermediates to be monitored [ 19, 43].
All thermal spraying processes work on the same principle of heating a feed stock, (powder or wire) and then accelerating it to a very high velocity and then permitting the particles to collide on the substrate.
Other species that have lower rates of production of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol or greater flux of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol into cell walls don't permit the accumulation of the substrates that would lead to iso-sinapyl alcohol production, and hence, a possible explanation for the lack of their detection in previous studies.
It is suggested that this residue may facilitate acetylenase chemistry by alleviating steric hindrance by providing substrate pocket spatial flexibility to permit the conversion of a "kinked" substrate (cis-ene) into a straight chain product (acetylene) [ 61].
The second helix in lipoxygenases adapts to permit substrate access to the active site, but details of this process are varied and poorly understood.
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