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Because of their great base widths, embankment dams can be constructed on unfavourable sites, such as open-joined rock or weaker and possibly locally permeable clay.
The relationship showed that though the subsoil might be porous, they might not necessarily be permeable (clay) except in cases where pores spaces within the subsoil are interconnected (weathered material).
The main aquifer unit dips gently with a slope equal to 0.3% and is locally confined by low permeable clay layers at the top and base of the aquifer.
The starting point for the study is a 2D model for crossbedded shallow-marine/tidal sands with 8 sediment classes, ranging from high-permeable sand to low permeable clay included as thin layers.
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The alluvium at Fifteen Mile Reserve and Glendalough Station consisted of a mixture of permeable coarse sandy and gravely sediments and less permeable clays and silts.
Small recharge rates (<5 mm year−1) from the ponds through low-permeable clay to the underlying aquifer were measured at both topographic locations.
Anaerobic processes dominated within the low-permeability clay unit, whereas in the more permeable sandy layers nitrate reduction and aerobic degradation occurred.
A modified version of the previous model, using the water table as the impermeable lower boundary, is used to evaluate the permeability of the low-permeability stiff clay layer (3.2 × 10− 10 cm2) and permeable sand (7.2 × 10− 7 cm2) beneath it.
The Acidic Dahomeyan rocks generally comprise muscovite-biotitic gneiss, quartz-feldspar gneiss, augen gneiss and minor amphibolites, which weather to slightly permeable calcareous clays (Kesse 1985).
The higher hydraulic conductivity values observed for the lateritic topsoil as compared to the lower hydraulic conductivity observed for the basement is probably due to the porous yet less permeable nature of clay minerals that make up the lateritic topsoil.
The fact that gases are not as conductive as fluids or clays means that these low permeable clayey caps are often underlain by slightly resistive regions.
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