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Such spoil areas are now routinely reclaimed and permanent vegetation reestablished as an integral part of surface-mining operations.
There are no forests or any permanent vegetation of economic significance apart from the land under cultivation.
In spite of the arid climate, permanent vegetation allows domestic animal husbandry.
Large improvements of energy and matter balance can be achieved by restoration of permanent vegetation and/or effective water retention and accumulation.
We measured these attributes in permanent vegetation plots in rainforest and oil palm plantations across the degradation landscape of the Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystems project.
For three subsequent summers after the Angora fire, we established and surveyed eighty-six permanent vegetation plots in and around the wildfire on a 400-m grid using USFS Region 5 Common Stand Examination (CSE) protocols detailed below [72].
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For example, the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative (GFBI, http://www.gfbinitiative.org) has synthesized data from nearly 800,000 permanent forest vegetation plots in 44 countries for analysis of forest community ecological function and structure (Liang et al. 2016).
An increase in yearly rainfall or a change in temporal patterns would increase infiltration leading to permanent denser vegetation on footslopes and valley floors, helped by the natural water harvesting system.
How does the submerged environment experienced by terrestrial wetland plants compare with that of water bodies containing permanent aquatic vegetation?
To understand the long-term effects of these prolonged deer densities on forest understorey plant communities, three permanent ground-vegetation transects were established inside and outside each exclosure in 2006 (Rooney 2009).
The time since restoration ranged from 3 to 15 years, and the rehabilitated peatlands had on average three permanent plots where vegetation was recorded every two years.
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