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Although the earnings of male live-in caregivers increase after their permanent residence transition, it is unclear whether acquiring permanent residence leads to higher living standards for them.
This set of binary indicators is very flexible since it does not impose any restrictions on the temporal patterns displayed by the labour market outcomes of TFWs during the 5 years before and after the permanent residence transition.
The parameters a and b are set to be −5 to −1 and 1 to 5, respectively, with the reference category being the year during which the permanent residence transition occurs.
Although TFWs are traced for up to 5 years before their permanent residence transition and followed for up to 5 years after this transition, not all TFWs in the earnings sample can be observed for 11 years.
In line with these hypotheses, men and women in the LCP, IA, CI-EB, and TFW-LMO streams experience no increase in employment rates after the permanent residence transition, contrary to those in the OCI stream.
Similar(55)
In particular, highly skilled TFWs employed in high-paying firms may have relatively flat employment and earnings trajectories in the years surrounding their transition to permanent residence simply because they were well paid prior to the transition.
Conversely, the transition to permanent residence may open up relatively more economic opportunities to TFWs than naturalization does to permanent residents.
The rate of transition to permanent residence among seasonal agricultural workers is very low.
Their transition to permanent residence may partly depend on a positive recommendation from their employer.
The transition to permanent residence is also associated with a substantial increase in earnings for the OCI group.
As a result, their transition to permanent residence may have no impact on their employment rate and their earnings.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com