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Less than one-fourth of the world's land area is in permanent meadows and pastures.
Lack of forests, permanent meadows, or pastures places a heavy burden on the available arable land, which constitutes only about 3 percent of the total area.
For energy production, wood from forests, grass from permanent meadows, grass/short rotation/miscanthus on agricultural fields and residues from municipal bio-waste are included in the maximum structure.
The loss of permanent meadows in the lowlands of the European Alps due to land use/land cover changes is a major underestimated process, which affects the status of these habitats and their provision of ecosystem services.
Differently, the decrease in annual crops was likely due to the loss of economical competitiveness of main annual crops and to the rural population decrease and ageing, which favoured the replacement of arable lands by permanent meadows.
A gradient of agricultural intensification (from permanent meadows to permanent crops, with rotation crops and meadows as intermediary steps) was studied in the course of the RMQS-Biodiv program, covering a regular grid of 109 sites spread over the whole area of French Brittany.
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Haylage and hay were harvested from the same permanent meadow at the Vittorino Vezzani experimental farm in Sauze d'Oulx (45°02′N, 6°53′E, Italy).
Both fields were grown with a permanent meadow for at least three years prior to the mark-release-recapture experiment.
Changes in landscapes and intensive agricultural practices are current threats to woodcock populations: destruction of hedges, decrease of permanent grazed meadows, impoverishment of soils fauna biomasses from ploughing and chemical applications.
Fig. 2 From top: time series of total extent of permanent pastures and meadows; arable land and permanent crops; and forest plantations.
This rate of growth in agricultural demand outpaces yield growth projections [29], driving expansion of arable land and permanent pastures and meadows by midcentury (Fig. 2) and increasing land use change emissions.
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