No equations existed for non-swidden agroforest and permanent croplands, two other important land covers involved in current and projected land-cover transitions.
Ten or fewer above-ground biomass equations exist for rubber plantation, oil palm plantation, non-swidden agroforest, grassland/pasture/shrublands, and permanent croplands for the entire region.
In this study area, diverse geological deposits (sandstone, marlstone, silts and calcareous rocks), soil types (Cambisols, Gleysols, Rendzinas, Luvisols and Fluvisols) and land uses (cropland, permanent grassland and mountain pasture) are present, making the network interesting for assessing the relative contribution of environmental variables and land use management on soil properties.
This can improve short-term soil fertility and increase corn crop yield, playing a central role in converting abandoned cropland into permanent cultures that facilitate forest conservation.
The permanent loss of valuable cropland and increasing fragmented landscape patterns along with continued urban sprawl may also impose potential threat on the sustainable development and food security of the region.
Noncultivated cropland includes permanent hayland and horticultural c. 2.
Biomass harvest from cropland and permanent cultures, including primary crops, used and unused crop residues was calculated from the FAO agricultural production database [50].
In catchments dominated by agricultural production, the performance of the IIMF is much better as only 30% of cropland and 23% of permanent grassland dominated areas have a deviation of > 30% between modelled and observed loads.
Furthermore, we highlight the necessity of maintaining Permanent Preservation Areas in ranching and cropland areas, in order to connect grassland remnants in an extremely converted landscape and to conserve especially bird species that are more sensitive to disturbances.
Reseeding grasses into degraded cropland and using it as permanent secondary pasture may combat desertification and promote sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC).
