The emergence of the Republican Party in 1856 offered Adams the permanent political affiliation he was seeking, and he was elected to the U.S. Congress from his father's old district in 1858.
A postdoctoral researcher already has a Ph.D., and frequently has her own funding, but does not yet have a permanent position or the institutional affiliation and (relative) job security that goes with it.
The College of Architecture maintains a small permanent presence in Paris in affiliation with the École d'architecture de Paris-La Villette and the College of Computing has a similar program with the Barcelona School of Informatics at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in Barcelona, Spain.
Some have dragged on for years as immigration officials wrestle with how to handle people previously granted political asylum or refugee status in this country, but whose past affiliations technically bar them from permanent residency.
At most museums, curators stay put when directors change, as professors do when college presidents go, because the affiliation is with the institution and its permanent collection.
There is abundant evidence that the bargaining power of temporary workers in Spain is quite low since, due to legal obstacles, their union affiliation rates are much lower than that of permanent workers (see., e.g., Dolado et al. 2010).
Pendleton Civil Service Act, (Jan . 16 , 1883 landmark U.S. legislation establishing the tradition and mechanism of permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system).
Religious participation declines during this stage, but often returns following marriage and childbearing; in contrast, changes in affiliation are less common but thought to be more permanent (Stolzenberg, Blair-Loy, and Waite 1995; Uecker, Regnerus, and Vaaler 2007).
And while most states use isolation as a penalty for specific disciplinary violations (albeit in New York sometimes very trivial ones), California makes gang affiliation the primary rationale for isolation on a long-term or permanent basis.
