Speciation probably occurred in small, isolated, peripheral populations that the fossil record has not sampled.
These patterns likely stem from factors characteristic of peripheral populations, including reduced population size, reduced gene flow, and more frequent extinction recolonization events.
Demographic declines and increased isolation of peripheral populations of the threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) have led to the formation of internal range boundaries at opposite ends of the species' distribution.
In comparison to core populations, peripheral populations have low density and recruitment, and are subject to different selective pressures, such as environmental conditions, food type and availability, predation, disease, etc., which may result in behavioural modifications to mating.
Peripheral populations of wide-ranging species are often of special conservation concern, and knowledge of genetic diversity, gene flow, and historical population dynamics are critical to informed management of these populations.
Yet the decline in the western subpopulation and the local extinction of some of the peripheral populations cannot be explained by natural variability alone.
But we neglect the peripheral populations, whose "education" Salafis have perfected at the pyramid's base. .
Although peripheral populations in Europe were genetically more differentiated than those in Asia (V.
Our results suggest that peripheral populations that have lost their Wolbachia infection are able to maintain local adaptation in the face of migration better than peripheral populations that maintain their infection (fig. 1b).
Thus, the coral populations around the Nansei Islands in Japan are northern peripheral populations that would be subjected to environmental stresses different from those in tropical areas.
This means that if recurrent peripheral populations occur, it is the ones that lose their Wolbachia that are more likely to diverge into new species.
