And such crises put extraordinary pressure on exchange-rate pegs, no matter how permanent policymakers claim them to be.One of the initial attractions of euro membership for peripheral countries access to cheap funds—no longer applies.
For applicants with peripheral visual field loss, membership is offered to those with constricted fields irrespective of their Snellen acuity.
Furthermore, it allowed for varying levels of membership - between peripheral and full participation - as the specific problems required at that certain moment in time.
A key issue in understanding the form and function of a network is to establish membership boundaries, because including peripheral individuals who are not really part of the group can significantly alter how we describe the network.
While Germany went through a weak patch, the peripheral economies (Portugal excepted) flourished, thanks to the low interest rates that euro membership brought them.
Rejected for membership in the European Union, Turkey under Erdogan has surged ahead of the peripheral European nations and assumed a leadership role in the region.
Antonio Fatas, citing new work by Andy Rose (pdf), suggests that currency regimes don't really matter — in particular that membership in the euro has not really been a special problem for peripheral countries.
While membership to CoPs entails a minimal participatory investment (e.g., at the legitimate peripheral level), participation boundaries in affinity spaces are less structured in that "membership" includes even a fan site visitor who has come only once to the site as being in the affinity space and therefore part of what defines the space.
Group membership had no significant effect on audiometry performance (details in Supplementary material); however, peripheral hearing performance was included as a covariate in further analyses to account for any confounding effect of this factor.
