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Studies in mammalian melanocytes and in the related fish and frog melanophores have revealed that these two cytoskeletal systems regulate the distribution of melanosomes by generating opposite and competitive forces, as in a 'tug of war', in which MTs promote perinuclear accumulation and AFs support peripheral dispersal of the organelles (11).
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The manufacturing sector has declined because of suburbanization and dispersal to peripheral regions; however, Greater Tel Aviv has retained a role as a thriving, innovative, high-technology industrial centre of substantial global significance.
This hypothesis invokes speciation in peripheral locations, followed by dispersal to the CT on prevailing oceanic currents.
In contrast, the center of accumulation hypothesis [ 19] proposes speciation in isolated peripheral locations with subsequent dispersal of novel taxa into the CT.
On the other hand, the second hypothesis of peripatric speciation is a much more likely force behind Indo-Pacific diversification if long distance oceanic dispersal to peripheral populations is sufficiently low for isolation and subsequent reproductive or ecological divergence to emerge between central and peripheral archipelagoes [ 1- 7].
Similarly, diversification of aloes on the Arabian Peninsula resulted from one or more dispersals, as well as vicariance and peripheral isolation, with no evidence of dispersal back to continental Africa.
None of the known invasions, whether peripheral range expansion or long distance dispersal, reached the temperate zone.
We identified a distinct shift from node-based speciation processes (namely, vicariance and peripheral isolations) to branch-based events (dispersals and extinctions) coincident with each of the radiations of the aloes.
In contrast, the center of accumulation hypothesis predicts that the oldest populations (within new species) will be found peripheral to the CT accompanied with unidirectional dispersal toward the CT.
Attempts to promote the dispersal of population and industry toward peripheral regions and to curb the expansion of the Tel Aviv metropolis have had only limited effects.
In this case we might predict that co-distributed peripheral endemics became isolated simultaneously in taxa with lower dispersal capability.
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