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Compensatory articulation requires a prolonged period of speech intervention that should include reinforcement at home.
Both the children and adults exhibited compensatory changes in speech motor output following the period of speech practice.
Following a period of speech practice under conditions of altered auditory feedback, sensorimotor adaptation was investigated in terms of changes in both the production and perception of /s/.
Following a period of speech practice under conditions of altered auditory feedback, compensatory changes in speech production and perception were examined.
Following the period of speech practice under conditions of altered auditory feedback, a compensatory change in /s/-centroid frequency (i.e., an increase in centroid frequency that counteracted the auditory perturbation) was observed for a majority of subjects in both groups.
Subjects in the adult group exhibited a reliable change in boundary location in the direction of /∫/ (i.e., an adaptive shift) following the period of speech practice, t(12) = 2.44, p<.05.
Similar(54)
For all simulations, the following parameters were used: a sampling frequency of f s=16 kHz, a hamming window of length of N win=32 ms, a FFT length of N=2N win, a hop size of N hop=0.25 N win and recursive averaging for the online estimated PSD matrices with a time constant of 70 ms. The stationary noise PSD matrix was calculated in advance during periods of speech absence.
These studies have all reported adaptive changes in speech output that counteract the effects of the auditory feedback manipulations following a period of intensive speech practice.
The outliers of LP residuals have an important physical interpretation as their time-pattern follows the pitch period of the speech signal.
While the recording in the experiment was being carried out, a lapel microphone was attached to each speaker so that the true period of each speech event could be hand labeled by human listeners.
But the most telling story is the slide in Obama's own expectations over the period of these speeches.
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