Although it was initially hoped that improved glycemic control might enhance counterregulation, perhaps restoring defective glucagon responses to hypoglycemia, this did not occur.
However, there is no neuronal injury or loss in this model but an increase in expression of astrocytes around the age when seizures appear (Drage et al., 2002), and these astrocytes have reduced glutamate transporters, suggesting a primary role for astrocytes, perhaps through defective glutamate clearance at the seizure focus (Ingram et al., 2001).
The most disturbing part of the superpredator myth is that it presupposed that certain children were hopelessly defective, perhaps genetically so.
This suggests that Pax6+/- EGF signaling is defective, perhaps due to reduced autocrine EGF production or failure of normal EGFR activity.
But our understanding of the mechanisms involved remains defective, perhaps because there is no way of relating the many different, and often proxy, measures of socio-economic status: social standing lacks the definitude of death.
Consistent with the viral replication cycle whereby the plus strand genome is synthesized from a minus strand, mutations in the 5′-UTR decrease replication perhaps due to defective synthesis of the template minus strand (Yu et al., 2008).
They can also admit that many, perhaps all, societies have defective moralities, i.e., that although their guides to behavior have enough of the features of normative morality to be classified as descriptive moralities, they would not be endorsed in their entirety by all rational persons.
Furthermore, because the ER is the compartment where proteins are palmitoylated, a process that requires palmitoyl-CoA, perhaps elo1Δ cells are defective in protein palmitoylation.
Likewise, pta mutants of Salmonella enterica are attenuated (7), perhaps because they are defective for acid tolerance (8).
The mixed results from clinical trials suggest that a specific subpopulation of patients may benefit from the PARP inhibitors, perhaps those patients with defective DNA repair pathways.
