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We chose to select the 1M dataset as a subset of 10M to avoid the effect of outliers (described in more detail in "Performance outliers" section).
Fig. 4 Noteworthy samples from three main classes of performance outliers identified during development: a PubChem compound CID20652954 (together with many similar compounds) is likely not a real molecule.
In hospital profiling there is a delicate balance that must be maintained between correctly identifying those hospitals that truly are performance outliers and not falsely labeling as outliers those hospitals that are not truly performance outliers.
Model-based indirect standardization identified substantially more hospitals as being performance outliers than did the Bayesian hierarchical method using any of the different cost functions.
We exclude the random slopes, β1 j, from the definition of mortality outliers due to a lack of consensus on how to identify performance outliers using both random intercepts and random slopes.
Performance outliers for signal trials were identified using a threshold of lower than 3 SDs from the group mean in the double or control groups; however, a more conservative threshold of 2 SDs from the group mean was applied to participants in the stop groups.
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Ordinary and multilevel models have been used to investigate whether the choice of statistical methods affects which hospitals are classified as high- and low-performance outliers in the publicly available data at the New York State, Department of Health, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery Report Card [ 25].
Each runner was then categorized by sex, age, country, rank, split results, final results and the date of the performance – with outliers excluded.
The red color indicates poor performance – model outliers.
In order to achieve robust reconstruction performance, the outliers caused by the subband distortion must be suppressed.
At the same time, the performance with outlier detection is almost as good as if true outliers are known.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com