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Therefore, despite of the high susceptibility of A. aureolatum ticks to R. rickettsii infection, the higher mortality and reduced reproductive performance of infected engorged females may contribute to low infection rates among A. aureolatum tick field populations in RMSF-endemic areas of the São Paulo metropolitan area, such as the 0.9% infection rate previously reported (5 ).
Rickettsia, an insect symbiont, manipulates insect host reproduction, considerably increasing the performance of infected whiteflies compared with uninfected whiteflies (Himler et al. 2011).
For example, Rickettsia has been found to spread rapidly (6 years) in natural populations of the sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci in the southwestern USA and to considerably increase the performance of infected whiteflies compared with uninfected whiteflies (Himler et al. 2011).
Porcine circovirus type 2 can costs the US swine industry 3 to 4 dollars per pig and in extreme cases as much as $20 per pig because of increased mortality rates and reduced growth performance of infected pigs relative to pigs of higher health.
It is therefore possible that the loss of mitochondrial diversity following Wolbachia invasion could affect the performance of infected populations.
Because both the infected and control ticks were siblings derived from the same field-engorged females used to start a laboratory colony, reared under the same laboratory conditions during the whole study, we conclude that the lower survival and reproductive performance of infected females was a result of a deleterious effect caused by the R. rickettsii infection.
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For example, increasing host tolerance is theoretically less effective for improving performance of populations infected with pathogens that cause minor rather than major mastitis.
Screening and treatment of infected prison inmates are rare.
The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplemental dietary arginine increases reproductive performance in mice infected with porcine circovirus type2 (PCV2).
The findings of this study call for confirmation in other populations, e.g. latent versus active TB; and assessments of the performance of the method in HIV infected subjects and children, as well as prospective evaluations of the positive and negative predictive value of IGRAs based on IFN-γ and IP-10, are urgently needed.
Using active TB as a surrogate for LTBI is still the only way to screen potential of risk factors influencing IGRA test performance and similar approach has been used to evaluate the performance of IGRAs in HIV co-infected TB patients.
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