We combined electrical microstimulation of functionally specific groups of neurons in visual area V5/MT with performance-contingent reward manipulation, while monkeys performed a visual discrimination task.
A different combination of the five traits significantly predicted motivation and performance in each condition, with the performance-contingent condition yielding significantly higher enjoyment and performance than the other conditions.
In Study I, 60 participants played a block-matching puzzle game that can train executive functions, with each participant randomly assigned to one of three conditions: performance-contingent rewards, which gave rewards after achieving a specific performance level, task-contingent rewards, which gave rewards simply for completing the task, and a no reward condition.
Braem and colleagues also demonstrated that positive affect may promote flexibility when the affect is performance-contingent in nature.
Performance-contingent reward size modulated the effect of electrical microstimulation of visual area V5/MT on visual perceptual decisions.
We would also like to briefly discuss the findings of Frober and Dreisbach (2014; hereafter, F/D), who similarly examined effects of positive affect and performance-contingent (and additionally, random) rewards on cognitive control.
An unresolved question is whether emotional manipulations (i.e., direct induction of affectively valenced subjective experience) and motivational manipulations (e.g., delivery of performance-contingent rewards and punishments) have similar or distinct effects on cognitive control.
Even that meager performance is contingent on stock markets and oil prices remaining stable -- no small assumption given the tension between the United States and Iraq.
At every one of them the audience was a mix of those who understood the language of the performance — a contingent to be expected in what may be the most cosmopolitan city in the world — those who knew the original text with varying degrees of intimacy and those who knew neither.
"Our top pick remains Sunoco on a 12-month outlook, although near-term performance is contingent on a normal or colder than normal winter," Lanier said.
Analyses of these oscillations and behavioral performance revealed contingent capture in central vision and global feature-based enhancement in the periphery.
