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Performance bias: were the patients and people performing the intervention blind to the intervention?
Two studies included urgent surgery, but preoperative mental status assessment was not performed; these studies were deemed to have high risk of performance bias [ 27, 28].
Performance bias can exaggerate perceptions of predictive power, generalizability, and performance homogeneity across data segments.
As a result performance bias among participants could not be avoided.
Performance bias means the people caring for the patients treat the lower BP target group preferentially.
Furthermore, given the absence of blinding in the study (except for the assessor) we cannot rule out performance bias.
Analyses account for small sample size, differential attrition, multiple testing, contamination, and performance bias.
This variable was not further analysed and therefore contributes an element of performance bias.
Although difficult to assess, this may have introduced performance bias [34], affecting shoulder stiffness or healing rates.
When performance bias is identified - i.e., when managers hire people who look like themselves rather than recruiting from a broader pool - companies can establish objective hiring criteria.
3) Performance bias questions: Was the intervention clearly described?, Was intervention clearly measured?
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