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In particular, we consider a SDCSS scheme where secondary users (SUs) perform sensing and exchange sensing outcomes with each other to locate spectrum holes.
Cognitive secondary users are assumed to initially perform sensing over multiple frequency bands (or equivalently channels) to detect the activities of primary users.
In addition, to avoid the possible collision with PUs, SUs perform sensing frequently besides doing the contention resolution as in a conventional MAC protocol.
Wireless sensor networks have been widely deployed to perform sensing constantly at specific locations, but their energy consumption and deployment cost are of great concern.
The considered SDCSS scheme requires SUs to perform sensing on their assigned sets of channels and then exchange spectrum sensing results with other SUs, which can be subject to errors.
Next, we perform sensing for DVB-T signals in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) band, while the receiver's carrier frequency is adjusted over the UHF band according to 306.188 MHz+ Channel number)×8 MHz[27].
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In a typical cooperative sensing scheme, each SU performs sensing independently and then sends its sensing result to a central controller (e.g., an access point (AP)).
In fact, a PU emulation attack can result in a DoS attack to a legitimate SU when the attacker has enough intelligence to transmit a fake signal on the selected channel any time that SU performs sensing [45].
The relays are expected to perform sense-process-communicate cycles.
Equipment's operational abilities: These limitations are perhaps the most obvious since one cannot ask the CR equipment to adapt itself more than what it can perform (sense and/or act).
consumed in performing sensing tasks [10].
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