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In emergencies, MCs may need to perform handover as several networks or parts of them can become inoperable.
The S1 interface between an eNB and EPC can also perform handover functions at the cost of more delay.
The network architecture also becomes more complex since a centralized controller is needed to perform handover control for each UE.
The BMSA and AP perform handover mechanism using a 2-byte-long IP header that is made up of three AP_ s and overwrite bit.
An FTP session starts at 0.4 s, and the MS starts to perform handover at about 1.5 s after its entering into the coverage region of UMTS.
It is used mainly to rank different cells according to signal strength and to perform handover and cell reselection decisions [27].
Similar(50)
The IEEE 802.21 MIH is specially designed to perform handovers between different IEEE 802 architectures (802.3, 802.11, 802.16) [8].
Also investigated are other factors that affect MH handover performance such as the number of MHs simultaneously performing handover while communicating with different CHs.
A node can maintain its connectivity to the Internet when moving from a network to another by performing handover procedures and changing its gateway to the Internet.
Because VoIP communication significantly suffers from packet losses occurring at handover, the FMT uses the frame-retry information obtained from the MAC layer through a cross-layer architecture as a handover trigger and then performs handover accordingly with multi-path transmission to reduce packet losses around the handover.
Thus, it performs handover functions on behalf of the MN.
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